Introduction: Nowadays, meat products that are easily prepared and cooked are of great concern to the people. Among them, hamburgers are one of the products of meat production, which is often produced in both industrial and handmade form, and the use of Unauthorized meat such as the undesirable plant adjuvants of slaughter animals (lung, breast, spleen, abdominal cavity organs, gizzard, chicken skin, etc. ) in the compound formula is one of the adulterations of this product. The purpose of this study was to determine the use of Unauthorized Tissues in handmade burgers supplied in Tehran by histological method. Methods: In this study, in the year 2014, 35 handmade hamburgers were examined for the presence of Unauthorized Tissues and non-authorized substitutes in the formulation, by histological method (staining with hematoxylin and eosin). Results: In this study, the percentage of use of Unauthorized Tissues in hand-made samples was 48. 57% including chicken paste (14 cases) and skin (3 cases). Statistical analysis of the data showed that the percentage of use of chicken paste had a significant difference compared with skin use (P <0. 05). Conclusion: Due to the fact that the use of Unauthorized Tissues in burgers according to existing standards is a fraud and endangers the health of consumers, the necessity of strict hygienic controls and supervision is necessary for the deli.

Nowadays, the consumption of meat and meat products has been increased with modern manufacturing techniques. Due to the economic value, the likelihood of using Unauthorized tissue is possible in meat products. The aim of this study was to apply morphological methods for detection of Unauthorized Tissues in meat sausage. In this study, a total number of 20 samples of different types of sausages were randomly collected from markets, in north-east of Iran. Each sample was divided into three equal parts and three paraffin-embedded blocks were prepared from each part (180 blocks). Then the sections were stained using Hematoxylin and Eosin, Masson’ s trichrome, Periodic acid-Schiff/Alcian blue and Verhoeffe/Van Gieson. A total number of 720 slides were observed using a light microscope. This research showed the use of Unauthorized Tissues in the sausages which was detected by histological methods. We observed authorized Tissues like skeletal muscle fiber (100%), fat tissue (100%) and plant material (97. 70%). A wide range of Unauthorized Tissues were detected including dense connective tissue (6. 66%), cartilage (28. 30%), bone (8. 30%), skin (51. 60%), smooth muscle (1. 66%) and blood vessels (11. 66%). The results of this study confirmed the use of Unauthorized tissue in meat sausages in Iran and concluded that the histological methods especially Masson’ s trichrome staining are a practical technique for routine assessment of authenticity and quality of sausage to protect the consumers from adulteration.

BACKGROUND: Meat is one of society's most important nutritional needs, the price of which is higher than other food groups. In recent years, the use of meat products has increased due to human lifestyle changes. Fraud in meat products occurs for various reasons, including the economic value of meat. Therefore, it is crucial to use fast and accurate methods of identifying these frauds. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to determine the Unauthorized tissue by a histological method as well as to determine the Unauthorized species used in meat products of factories in Hamadan province. METHODS: In the summer of 2021, fifty samples were collected from active production units of the Hamedan province that were available in the Hamadan city market and transferred to the laboratory for histological laboratory and animal species determination by PCR test. For the histology test based on the national standard 6103, the samples were subjected to fixation, passage (dehydration, clearing, impregnation with molten paraffin), blocking, sectioning, and H&E staining. PCR method was used to determine the type of animal species used in the production of the collected samples. RESULTS: The results confirmed the presence of Unauthorized Tissues, including bone, cartilage (articular and respiratory cartilage), skin, and glandular organ in meat products. Also, PCR test results showed that chicken meat was found in 100% of the samples labeled with beef. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of illegal tissue and the use of chicken meat in products labeled as beef meat is evident in the sausages produced in Hamadan province.

Nowadays, the consumption of meat and meat products in different countries varies considerably based on social, economic, and geographical differences. Meat and meat products are the most important sources of protein. This study aimed to investigate the possibility of Unauthorized Tissues in sausage products in Tabriz and Khoy by histotechnique. For this, 80 sausages samples with ≤,55% and > 55% 55% meat content were collected (from January to March of 2015). For histological evaluation, the slides were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin. Based on results, in 87. 5% of the samples, cartilage tissue with a high percentage was observed. Unauthorized Tissues types such as glands, connective tissue, fat, skin, cartilage, bone, trachea, lung, bladder, parasite eggs, and intestine were observed. The presence of Unauthorized Tissues in most samples may reduce consumers' desire to use sausages. Consequently, there is a necessity for efficient control at the regional level by authority organizations.

Introduction: Checking the quality of meat products is very important. The purpose of this research is to investigatethe presence of Unauthorized Tissues in this product to improve its quality and safety level and promote the health of society.Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, sausages with meat percentages of 40, 55 and 70 wererandomly purchased from three factories (10 pieces each) and divided into three pieces and then three slides from each piece with hematoxylin-eosin method was prepared (270 slides in total). Finally, 10 microscopic fields were examined from each slide. The data were analyzed by using SPSS software. At the level of less than 0.05, the difference between the groups was considered significant and the results were shown as Mean ± SD. Furthermore, the frequency percentage of Tissues in each of the sausages was calculated.Results: Cartilage tissue, bone, skin, kidney, salivary gland, blood vessel, abdominal viscera and plant Tissues were observed in all meat products. However, central nervous system and spleen Tissues were not seen in any of the samples. In sausage 40%, the highest frequency percentage of tissue was related to skin, in sausage 55%, skin and kidney, and in sausage 70%, kidney. In addition, the amount of illegal Tissues was different in 40%, 55% and 70% sausages and this difference was significant in many Tissues.Conclusion: By using histological methods, it is possible to detect illegal Tissues in meat products and obligate factories to comply with the national standard.

The prevention the using of Unauthorized Tissues (such as skin, bone, cartilage, soya, etc. ) in the production of meat products in recent years has been very much considered. This is done to identify offending production units and increase consumer confidence in meat products. Histological method should be used to control the ingredients of meat products, along with chemical tests. The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of histological experiments to reduce the violations of the use of Unauthorized Tissues in meat products (Sausages, Kielbasa, burgers, Kabab Loghmeh and nuggets). For this purpose, in the period of three years, from the second half of 2014 to the end of the first half of 2017, samples were sent to three laboratories for the detection of Unauthorized Tissues in the provinces of Tehran, Alborz and Esfahan were evaluated and recorded. The final results of the data recording after the end of the three-year period were evaluated by statistical software and the results were presented in the chart and picture. The results showed a significant decrease in the use of Unauthorized Tissues during the course of the study. By presenting the results of this research, we can be stated that histological examination as a diagnostic test has been able to play a role in preventing the use of Unauthorized Tissues in meat products.

Background & Aims: Nowadays, the consumption of meat products is on the rise. According to the national standard of Iran, these products must be free of Unauthorized Tissues such as the gastrointestinal tract of livestock and poultry, reproductive organs, liver, lungs, breasts, etc. Materials and Methods: In the present study, conducted in the spring of 2024, 75 raw Koobideh Kebab and 60 minced meat samples were randomly collected from Hamedan, Sanandaj, and Kermanshah cities in Iran. Tissue cross-sections were prepared from all samples and stained using the hematoxylin-eosin staining method. The slides were examined under a light microscope, and Image Pro Plus (version 6.0) software was utilized to determine the quantities of skeletal muscles, fat, plant, smooth muscles, and connective Tissues. Data were analyzed using SPSS (version 25.0) software with t-tests and one-way analysis of variance (One-Way ANOVA). Results: The results indicated that 14 samples (56%) in Hamedan province, 16 samples (80%) in Kurdistan province, and 23 samples (76.66%) in Kermanshah province contained at least one Unauthorized tissue, such as bone, skin, cartilage, gizzard, heart, viscera, and parasitic cysts. Conclusion: Given the significant presence of Unauthorized Tissues in raw Koobideh Kebab and minced meats, it is imperative to enhance producers' awareness to improve product quality and establish a system of ongoing inspection and health control in production units.

Introduction: Nowadays, consumption of meat and meat products have increased throughout the world. Regarding the economic values of meat, Unauthorized Tissues can be used in producing meat products. This study was conducted to detect Unauthorized Tissues in raw and processed meat products. Methods: Samples of Kabab loghme (70% meat) and kielbasa (30% and 90 % meat), each containing 5, 10, 15, and 20% of chicken skin and bone were prepared. Then, each sample was divided into three parts. One piece was taken from each part and fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin. The samples were routinely processed for light microscopy and embedded in paraffin. The paraffin-embedded blocks were cut into 6 μ m sections and stained using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) for histological study. Results: The histological examination revealed the chicken skin and bone Tissues clearly in all the samples. The histometrical analysis indicated that the estimated percentages of the additive bone, especially in kabab loghme, were not significantly different from the real percentages. However, the skin tissue was difficult to estimate, especially in Kielbasa. Conclusion: The findings of the present research suggest the histological technique as an effective method for quantitative evaluations of raw and processed meat products. However, the quantitative evaluation of additive Tissues in raw meat products was more convenience than the processed products. In addition, estimation of bone additive was more applicable in comparison with skin tissue due to its resistance to histological processing preparations.

Background and Purpose: In the last few years, the traffic accident statistics on the special lane still show strange figures. The safety of urban roads is one of the important issues in the traffic management of small and large cities, which is usually influenced by various factors, including the construction of special lanes and the development of public transportation. The current research was conducted with the aim of pathology of Unauthorized traffic in special lanes. Method: This research was applied in terms of purpose and exploratory in terms of mixed methods. The statistical population in the qualitative section was the experts of Amin University of Police Sciences, the IRIPF Traffic Headquarters using the purposeful sampling method, and in the quantitative section, the traffic police experts and transportation and traffic experts of Tehran Municipality were using the stratified sampling method. To analyze the data in the qualitative part of the theme analysis method using the MAXQDA2020 software and in the quantitative part of the confirmatory factor analysis and to validate the model obtained from the qualitative part using the structural equation modeling method using the analysis software. Pls Smart verification factor was used. Findings: The greatest impact of illegal traffic pathology is related to structural pathology with a value of 36.14, and then related to behavioral pathology with a value of 32.77, and finally, the lowest impact is related to background pathology with a value of 96/17 in the pattern of pathology is illegal traffic in special lanes. Results: With the pathology of Unauthorized traffic in special lanes, the adoption of deterrent and effective laws, the use of the intelligent capacity of roads and other police measures, it is possible to improve the behavior of users, which is one of the important factors of increasing traffic safety in the said lanes.

Background and purpose: Considering that Unauthorized shooting is one of the serious problems and harms in the field of public security, this research was conducted with the aim of "identifying the major harms of Unauthorized shooting in Varamin city with a crime prevention approach."Method: The present research is applied in terms of purpose and qualitative in nature, of thematic analysis type. The subject of study is the number of 14 Faraja employees in 1401. Sampling method is non-probability purposeful type up to theoretical saturation. Semi-structured interviews have been used to collect information. Data analysis was done based on coding.Findings: according to the obtained results, the number of three dimensions (behavioral, contextual and structural damages); 2 behavioral components, 3 background components and 4 structural components were calculated.Conclusion: Considering that this problem is affected by many behavioral and individual factors of criminals as well as socio-cultural contexts, it is necessary for the people in charge, especially the city supply council, public institutions and non-governmental organizations to cooperate in this field. Have. Since most of the harms in the policing area of Varamin city originate from behavioral contexts caused by cultural and social problems, the approach of social prevention and with an attitude towards environmental problems such as: crime-prone areas and places prone to crime, the approach of situational prevention and Law enforcement is recommended through the promotion of targeted intelligence patrols.